Perhaps that is the case. The emails exist. Contributions were solicited. Policy positions were staked out. Votes were cast. More votes are to come.
On the other hand, it can be argued just as easily that Range Resources is simply trying to discredit a state official who had the temerity to change his mind. White appears to have gone from an ally of the industry to an increasingly vocal skeptic. Once he crossed the line from being helpful to antagonistic, Range Resources sent a not too subtle message to other legislative allies to think twice about changing their minds (and votes) about the natural gas industry in Pennsylvania.
We think Range Resource's smear campaign is at least as interesting a story as that of a state legislator soliciting funds from an industry with business before the legislature. As damnable as White's emails may appear, do they surprise anyone? What is more troubling is that other legislators who may be inclined to change their minds (and votes) about natural gas drilling will be too afraid of a potential public relations jihad launched against them from the wealthy natural gas industry.
With that said, it isn't CasablancaPa's raison d'etre to defend one side over the other. White may have crossed the line. Range Resources may be engaged in a massive, collective blackmail of the Pennsylvania state legislature. What interests us is the potential for yet another hypocritical investigation that could erupt from Range Resource's campaign against White.
State Representatives Stan Saylor and Brian Ellis, both members of the GOP House Leadership team, are calling for a criminal investigation of White:
"'I'm appalled,' said Majority Whip Stan Saylor, a York County Republican, who cited one email in particular in which White appeared to link fundraising and legislation. 'I think this calls for a criminal investigation.'...'We have an attorney general coming in with guns blazing, and maybe it is something she would look at," said Rep. Brian Ellis, R-Butler County." (Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 11/22/12)
Saylor and Ellis are calling for an investigation because Range Resources released emails and documents related to a single legislator. We wonder how urgently Saylor and Ellis would be calling for a criminal investigation if it meant the Office of Attorney General would subpoena not just White's office, but every legislator and every natural gas company for emails and documents (and testimony from staff) related to campaign fundraising and their positions on legislation affecting the natural gas industry.
Are Saylor and Ellis (and their political and state House staff) willing to answer subpoenas or testify under oath before a grand jury about the thousands of dollars they've taken from the Range Resources and the votes Range Resources has asked them to make? It's highly unlikely that a Range Resources lobbyist hasn't visited their offices or sent them letters or emails on some date very close to a vote they've made on natural gas industry legislation. Neither man has been shy about taking thousands of dollars from Range Resources since the company formed a PAC in 2009. (Range Resources Campaign Finance Reports)
If there is a criminal investigation, it must be comprehensive, including the most powerful faction in the legislature - the Senate Republican caucus. Not only has its leader, Senator Joe Scarnati, accepted a free Super Bowl trip from the gas industry (or at least it would have been free if bad publicity hadn't forced him to pay full freight), but between his personal and Republican State Senate Campaign Committee accounts he has accepted campaign contributions from the gas industry - including Range Resources - that dwarf those to White. (Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2/14/11)
Furthermore, an investigation should target Governor Tom Corbett's fundraising operation and his policy positions. Shouldn't the tens of thousands Range Resources has contributed to Corbett raise eyebrows as high as the $10,000 given to White does?(Campaign Finance Reporters - Range Resources to Corbett) Especially given Corbett's refusal to tax the natural gas industry and giving the state authority to override local zoning laws when it comes to drilling? Will Corbett's campaign fundraisers and policy staff receive subpoenas?
We aren't holding out hope. A very clear precedent has been set on how Pennsylvania's elected officials are investigated, and Saylor alluded to it in his call for an investigation of White:
"White's emails are reminiscent of recent scandals that rocked the legislature, Saylor said, referring to eight former House and Senate leaders from both parties convicted of public corruption. Email evidence was key to several of the investigations, guilty pleas and trials. Even if White did nothing illegal, his actions leave an impression that reaffirms the public's view that 'we are all a bunch of slimeballs,' Saylor said." (Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 11/22/12)
That's right. Any investigation of White likely will mirror the Bonusgate investigation - only a select few will be scrutinized while the vast majority of the legislature will be let off the hook. Corbett's own grand jury said as much about Bonusgate in the report it issued regarding members of the legislature using taxpayer resources for political campaigns:
"An interesting item in the report noted that while 25 legislative staffers and lawmakers were indicted in connection with Corbett's probe of the General Assembly, 'hundreds of legislative employees who, although paid by taxpayer dollars to do legislative work, do campaign work on state time.' The numbers seem to bolster claims that selected legislative staffers who did campaign work on the taxpayers' dime have been indicted. 'It struck me that the grand jury was sending a message to the attorney general that 'We're not really happy because everyone does this and why are you picking these people?' [PA ACLU Executive Director] Walczak said." (Patriot News 5/25/10)
If there is an investigation of the relationship between campaign contributions and natural gas industry legislation, it should include the state government players who hold the power over legislative calendars and wield a veto pen.
Subpoenas should be issued for not only emails but for the testimony of campaign staff, legislators, legislative staff, and lobbyists regarding their communications dealing with campaign donations, legislative votes and activity.
Range Resources released emails that may put the cross-hairs on White. He may have crossed a line, and an investigation may be warranted. But Range Resources has chosen to single out White, a critic.
Range Resources should be forced to answer subpoenas regarding all its dealings with every government official it supports financially. Every legislator who took campaign contributions, along with his or her staff, should answer subpoenas about their dealings with the company. How can anyone pretend to justify an investigation of targeting only State Representative Jesse White, junior member of the minority party caucus?
32 comments:
Is it true? Two members of the PA House Republican Caucus Leadership Team want to invite the Office of the Attorney General into the Capitol Building?
How did that work the last time?
What happened to the House Ethics Committee? A standing committee.
Would Congress invite the Attorney General of the United States into the Capitol to investigate a Member? Never!!!!
This is just another diversion to switch attention away from Republican Governor Corbett's botched Sandusky investigation.
Speaker Smith should send this to the Ethics Committee and report the findings to the citizens of Pennsylvania. Is the House incapable of policing its own?
The Ethics Committee can conduct public hearings and the media and PCN can cover the proceedings. The public must hold the members feet to the fire.
Mrs. Kane already has an assignment from the citizens of Pennsylvania.
Who knew about Sandusky, really knew about Sandusky?
Were those people donors, BOT members or otherwise politically connected?
When you look at the Joe Enabler/Admin bungle of a coverup (involving now how many people? 12?) narrative it simply does not add up.
Something else was going on. Who knew and why was Sandusky protected? We know Joe didn't care for Sandusky. Spanier typing about humane treatment, what is that? We do know alot of money was flowing to Second Mile. We have a Governor whispering in the BOTs ears and we have a full-scale PR campaign to bury the dead guy twice.
It smelled when they delivered a dramatic presentment (by accident, huh?), it smelled when they did a public beheading on national tv, and it smelled when they rushed a Freeh report.
It still smells. Any journalists out there?
Remember..... Tom Ridge was Corbett's original "nomination" for President of PSU by Corbett.
Coincidence????? I Doubt it!
You may have uncovered not only the smoking gun of this whole matter, but the provable motive WHY these crimes against PSU have been committed.
THERE IS MUCH more provable and legal evidence against PA politics than what has been used to "sell" to the public the Sandusky Second Mile crimes as ONLY the result of "The Crimes of an evil PSU Football Culture".
Please note.....This is a PURE AND INDISPUTABLE FACT.....EVERY KEY PLAYER in this "PSU SCANDAL" has had ties to Corbett!!! Every key player has had some historically validated problems with personal integrity!!!
Mathematically it is impossible to avoid the REALITY of this "Penn State Coverup" - IT IS A COVERUP Alright, but it is a coverup of illegal Political money and a BOT in bed with PA politicians.
Perhaps the most bone-chilling facet of this case and the R. Budd Dwyer case is not that the "political power brokers" are the same, but the way Dwyer was "set up" for the fall. To the end, Dwyer claimed innocence and made scathing accusations against the Judiciary, specifically Judge Malcolm Muir, and that he was acting under political guidance. Most legal experts found Muir's actions to be very draconian and Dwyer was prosecuted and found guilty with no hard evidence.
http://triblive.com/news/2257015-74/baldwin-spanier-grand-jury-state-freeh-report-university-former-letter#axzz2DRNZps7d
November 27, 2012 1:12 PM,
"Judges acting under political guidance?"
The citizens of Pennsylvania need to follow this thought.
lIFE CAN BE A BITCH, GOVERNOR CORBETT IN 2014 IS HISTORY!
The perfect opponent for Corbett?
Former House staffer and toolish underachiever Jeb Wagner.
What voter could resist that toothy grin?
So our esteemed Gov may decide to talk to our new Attorney General about his handling of the Sandusky case, only if he believes it's not political??? Here's an idea, Ms. Kane, slap him with a subpoena. If that doesnt work, slap the cuffs on him.
How about those who had their lives ruined, but were found innocent or had charges completely withdrawn in those so-called corruption investigations. I sure bet they would have willingly discussed the facts if the "investigation" was not political.
Can't wait for snarky Harley to respond on the Gov's behalf on that one...
68 year old Bob Mellow to be sentenced to federal prison this a.m. Did you notice that in the Veon case they arrested, ruined the lives, of 10 staffers, but for the same crimes not one staffer for Mellow? The federal case includes the same things - staffers recruiting other staffers, campaign work on state time using state resources, etc. - but not one staff indictment. At least Mellow tried to protect his staff.
The AG was over zealous in Veon case in charging staff, but it got far more lenient as the cases went on.
Anonymous @ November 30, 2012 8:52 AM,
The Feds were after the real perpetrators of legal violations, Tom Corbett wanted to make the entire legislature and all it's personnel look bad, thinking that made him look that much better.
Secondly, the feds were solelt focused on those calling the shots, without a political motivation. Tom Corbett abused his power to try to take out a candidate for the state Senate who happened to be a former Veon staffer. Corbett's approach was to cast a wide net an impact the political landscape on as may fronts as possible. THe feds (and likewise the Allegheny DA) were focused on preserving justice.
Attorney General Corbett Rule #1:
Cast a wide net and destroy decent lives.
Applying the Corbett net to his own prosecution team, it looks like 10 to 15 staff should be indicted.
The prosecutors will walk free.
What do you think of that Pennsylvania?
Hey, what's up with Rep. Fleck? He waited until after the election to come out gay. How many other republican closest gays are in the PA General Assembly - keeping it quite to get elected and or re-elected by the crazy religious, righteous, right wing. Maybe the Tea Party should ring in on this!
I'm certainly not surprised - typical republican: The republicans will do and/or say anything to get elected and then do whatever they want after the elction.
I wonder how the pinheaded, raise taking, pension grabbing, benefits pig Rep. Metcalfe will react. I guess Metcalfe and Fleck won't be having dinner together.
When will the voters get it - the republicans are out only for themselves and don't give a hoot about the rest of the public.
And the media and the Republicans want to attack "Bull Dog Jesse White" - give me a break - I'll take Democrat Jesse White over ten hypocritical republicans any day.
The Pennsylvania Society was not attended except by about 500 members, many of the others are looking to contribute to another candidate, like Senator Casey.
Corbett has deep trouble even if they run a weak Democrat against him.
The deal struck is the Pennsylvania Pension Fund Bankers with the Labor Unions will insure Corbett of Re-election.
In return, Corbett will not introduce Pennsylvania Right to Work State Status like in Wisconsin and Michigan in A Republican dominated Senate and House for Corbett to sign.
A leading Conservative Republican could really do some damage to Corbett's Candidacy, and it is rumored one with Deep Pockets is going to do just that, and that will be about the time the Penn State Trials are in full bloom.
Republican Judges are lining up to vacate the trials to avoid this event.
The smart play now is this is too much pressure on all powerful politicos concern since it involves child molestation tangents, so the best move is for Corbett to claim his health is now an issue and retire before his time.
A Brave face today but a weak Heart tomorrow, will save The Grand Old Party!
Stand by as it develops!
It took only hours for Republicans to tear down the requirement that all employees in a union workplace pay dues.
The swift action was the result of a decisive governor who teamed up with a supermajority of GOP allies in the statehouse to win a prize long sought by conservatives.
It also provided a window into how state governments might work in an era when they are increasingly run by a single party.
Gov. Rick Snyder, a venture capitalist and corporate executive before his successful run for governor in 2010, didn't bother with political niceties this week.
Within hours, the House and Senate had introduced and approved bills prohibiting what are known as "closed shops," where workers are required to join a union or pay fees that are equivalent to union dues as a condition of employment.
No topic is touchier for organized labor, which contends such laws enable workers to enjoy benefits won by unions without supporting the costs of organizing and negotiating.
Snyder and the Legislature's top Republicans - House Speaker Jase Bolger and Majority Leader Randy Richardville - steadfastly insisted the measures were not intended to weaken unions, but to make them more accountable to members.
Such displays of raw power may become more common around the nation as increasing numbers of legislatures are dominated by a single party.
All but three states - Iowa, Kentucky, and New Hampshire - have one-party control of their legislatures, the highest since 1928.
What is the LAW?
What is with PA County Courthouses mixing politics with the work of the people?
This is the third time this year I have seen politicians announce their candidacy in their County Courthouses.
First, Judge Lewis's Daughter announced in the Dauphin County Courthouse her run for state Representative.
Second, Dave Freed in the Cumberland County Courthouse announced he was running for state Attorney General.
Now Third, An Assistant DA at the Dauphin County Courthouse running fro Judge.
Tom Corbett and Linda Kelly prosecuted state employees for mixing politics with legislative work in the state Capitol.
What a joke. Legislators go to jail and DA's glad hand the press.
Have they no shame? What is the Law in PA?
Taxpayers need an answer and respect from the law enforcement community working in the Courthouses.
Do your politicking at a neutral location. The DA's should know better.
Did Corbett of Kelly attend any of these events?
More important did Petitions go through the Courthouse on Courthouse Time?
On the Unions working with Corbett for Re-Election in return for Right To Work to be never introduced.
It is important that the candidate with Deep Pockets runs on his or her own, using is money, and this issue alone.
Once Corbett is defeated in the Primary, nothing can stop the people from voting in the man that beat him.
The Montgomery County-Philadelphia Axis of Moderate Republicans and Liberal Democrats can be beaten by a Statewide rise on this issue alone.
Investigative journalism will be the backbone of PA Media Group.
We are finding some legs to the rumors that Corbett is near his end of days.
The key battle to watch for is the Lottery Debate, if the PA LOTTO is not privatized.
This will send out the message to Republican Tea Party & one Independent Wealthy Bigwig armed and ready to jump in, and that Corbett has been fatally damaged over his manipulation of Sandusky & Bonus Gate miscues.
This also means if Corbett is re-elected he will be politically impotent.
The Sandusky Investigation of his actions as AG and failures at the Lotto, LCB, and agreement with Labor Unions not to make Pennsylvania a Right to Work State.
Corbett would be a Lame Duck capable of no significant changes on Day One of his Second Term.
Democrats will lay down a sacrificial candidate for that reason, and why it is up to an Independent Deep Pocket Republican Candidate to challenge Corbett in the Primary.
One is ready to do it and has the money to make it happen.
Veon's appeal quashed because the "Dream Team" didn't file it in time...some "Dream Team"...more like a nightmare.
Impeachment in Pennsylvania of a Governor is based on the charge of "misbehavior" in office.
It takes the House of Representatives to bring the charges.
If an Attorney General accepts campaign funds from members of the Board of Directors of an organization he is investigating, is that a misbehavior in office?
Mike Veon was prosecuted for
things Corbett did in office.
Are there any groups of voters Corbett can consider in his base?
I see none.
Republican Governor Candidate Bruce Castor Has Asked Some Mighty Fine Questions of Governor Corbett that proves this website was right all along.
1. Gov. Corbett originally embraced the NCAA's sanctions against Penn State. His sudden reversal, and the decision to spend substantial taxpayer money on a federal lawsuit against the NCAA, now raises more questions than it answers."
2. For instance, why wasn't our governor, a member of the Board of Trustees at Penn State, outraged at these sanctions when handed down, and why did he fail to seek legal action in a timely manner?
3. Is that decisive leadership?
4. Bad things can happen from delay. This time, his delay has caused $12 million to flow from the Commonwealth.
5. Further, considering that the governor can only bring a suit such as this after the Commonwealth's Attorney General refuses, and then grants him authority to do so, why did Corbett-appointed Attorney General Linda Kelly decline to sue?
6. What legal defects prevented Gen. Kelly from taking up the case? Why was Attorney General-elect Kathleen Kane, who takes office in a matter of days, not consulted?
7. If this suit could wait six months, why couldn't it wait another few days when its merits could be considered by an elected attorney general who would, if warranted, pursue the case using in-house legal counsel and not the expensive outside counsel our governor has selected?"
8. The delay in acting in the first instance, and the rush to get in under the wire before an elected, independent attorney general takes office in the second, smacks of political gamesmanship and 'too little too late.'"
Corbett Answers Were 0 Zero!
Anonymous; Jan 3, 2013, 1:10 PM
Great post. Thanks.
Follow the money. The NCAA suit pays the law firm of Charlie Kopp, Republican campaign contributor.
The Sandusky investigation was flat for 18 months because Corbett had extra staff working on the House Republican trial to select the right jury.
How much time and money did the state invest in that "jury of your peers" while Sandusky was free to roam?
Everything Corbett does is political and self serving.
Where was the Child Protection Unit regarding the Sandusky trial? They were using their talents to select the hangman's jury.
Corbett could have arrested Sandusky in early 2009. The victims came forward after Sandusky's investigation become public.
Corbett collected campaign moneys from the very people he should have been investigating.
Now Corbett wants to be the hero. Well, he lost that opportunity several years ago. Leadership does not include a baseball bat applied to the knees.
Gov. Tom Corbett plays cheap politics with child abuse horror
There is not the slightest doubt that Penn State's football program enabled Jerry Sandusky to sexually abuse numerous children for numerous years.
The evidence is beyond overwhelming. Sandusky has been tried, convicted and imprisoned. Former university President Graham Spanier, athletic director Tim Curley and Vice President Gary Schultz have been charged with criminal coverups.
The school was ever so lucky that the NCAA withheld the dea th penalty from its football fund-raising colossus.
Still, Pennsylvania Gov. Tom Corbett has filed a federal lawsuit to get his flagship university out from under those penalties that the NCAA did bring to bear.
Give it up, governor. For shame, give it up.
Joe Paterno, once sanctified as the very model of educator/coach, turned out to be far, far less. He died in disgrace because he failed to act against Sandusky, a longtime assistant, when he had the chance. Paterno had a choice: try to protect his beloved empire or try to protect the kids. He chose the empire and, ultimately, brought about its ruinous humiliation.
In the ensuing scandal, the school asked former FBI Director Louis Freeh to inves tigate.
His exhaustive 71/2-month probe of the disgraceful 14-year story found a "total and consistent disregard by the most senior leaders at Penn State for the safety and welfare of Sandusky's child victims."
The report concluded: "In order to avoid the consequences of bad publicity, the most powerful leaders at the university ? Spanier, Schultz, Paterno and Curley ? repeatedly concealed critical facts relating to Sandusky's child abuse from the authorities."
Facing the truth, Penn State accepted the NCAA's sanctions: a $60 million fine payable over five years, a four-year banishment from postseason play and a reduction in the athletic scholarships the school can award.
Nor is the school joining in Corbett's effort to get its football program off that hook with arguments that the NCAA overstepped its authority.
Freeh's report shows what happens when the people who run an institution ? the people who are the institution ? value that institution more than decency and, allegedly, law. In that regard, Penn State's indicted former officials are kith and kin to Wall Street chiselers who have cost their banks billions of dollars in fines.
Corbett is playing to the voting, football-loving crowd ? hang morality, hang accountability.
Read more: http://www.nydailynews.com/opinion/nittany-lyin-article-1.1233527#ixzz2HEBBwo6U
A modern politician to his core in the very worst way, Corbett's every action is designed to benefit Corbett. With this lawsuit, he's currying favor with legions of Penn Staters who loathe him for failing to pursue Sandusky and then throwing Joe Paterno under the proverbial bus.
Governor Corbett barely mentioned the young victims in complaining that the state’s economy, its citizens, students and, of course, the all-important Pennsylvania State University football fans were being unfairly penalized for the abuse and rape of children by Jerry Sandusky, the imprisoned former assistant coach who for years used the football program as a lure for his young victims.
Gov. Corbett, suddenly a driving-force PSU Board of Trustees member, was the one who aimed at Paterno and pulled the trigger. And Penn Staters will never forget.
Why did Corbett, supported by his cartel of PSU BOT campaign donors, do this? The simple and logical conclusion is because Corbett, as Attorney General a few years earlier, had allowed the Sandusky sexual abuse accusation to sit, uninvestigated, for the final 1.5 years of his tenure as AG. (Save for the token assignment of a narcotics agent - yes, a narcotics agent - to the matter, which accomplished exactly nothing.)
When the scandal broke and Sandusky was exposed as a serial child sex abuser, surely someone in the media would soon take note of this alarming fact, of the negligence by Corbett. And maybe also notice the hefty contributions to Corbett's election campaigns from Second Mile board members and their affiliates (you know the Second Mile - it's the place where Sandusky accessed every one of his victims for more than two decades) reportedly in excess of $640,000, and ...You get the picture.
So, as someone once said in reference to Corbett's ability to redirect attention on a large scale, when the wolves are gaining, it's time to toss a baby from the sled.
bett knows the media is almost pathologically incapable of following major dual stories simultaneously. Invariably, one gets shoved aside. He also knows that support for Kane's investigation of him could weaken if his NCAA lawsuit generates momentum.
He also can dangle the lawsuit like a threat: I don't have to follow through on this lawsuit, you know, if I'm preoccupied by having to defend my inaction ...
Maybe that's an incredibly cynical point of view, but the Tom Corbetts of the world force such perspectives.
The governor should know better than anyone that the tragedy is all about the outrageous abuse of children at Penn State, not continuing the business of football for Penn State fans.
The governor's ill-conceived action is not only an affront to decency but also to Sandusky's victims who bravely stood up in court and recounted his abuses in detail.
Corbett's suit is rooted in hypocrisy.
He was Pennsylvania's attorney general when the first indications of Sandusky's activities were suspected and he has been a trustee of the university.
This is yet another example of what sort of misguided figures we elect, proving that the politics of democracy is a most unexacting science
PA charge to impeach the Governor:
"Misbehavior" in Office.
What ever happened to the issue of Corbett's illegal use of a campaign cell phone in 2010? Fina defended Corbett during the Gubernatorial campaign by making a false statement regarding the Law.
Are Attorney Generals above the law?
Fina was quoted as saying in a June 2012 meeting with the judge that there was additional incriminating evidence not disclosed in the Sandusky trial.
in the private meeting, was he implying that he had details of child molestations that occured during the investigation? Was he preparing his own "get out of jail free" card?
When governors get into trouble, they frequently look for a scapegoat they can slaughter to make themselves look heroic in the eyes of voters. The way Gov. Tom Corbett of Pennsylvania has gone about it is ethically questionable.
Incredibly, Corbett makes the case in his suit that the kids and their parents are not the real victims; the truly damaged are Penn State and its students and supporters.
There was evidence others knew about what was going on and did nothing, in effect putting the interests of the football program above the welfare of children.
After the verdict, the NCAA hit Penn State with tough penalties, including a $60 million fine, a four-year ban on postseason play and a voiding of the victories from 1998 to 2011, covering the years when Sandusky’s offenses took place. That should make other schools think twice before they get their priorities screwed up.
Corbett has more than a passing interest in this sorry affair.
In 2008, when he was Pennsylvania’s attorney general, he started an investigation into reports Sandusky abused young boys, sometimes on university property, but his critics say he didn’t seem to be in any particular hurry to get to the bottom of the matter.
Corbett urged the university to accept the penalty and move on. The university did.
In his lawsuit, however, Corbett sings a different tune.
He alleges the NCAA exceeded its authority, and by imposing tough penalties, the NCAA would harm the school’s football program and the economy of Pennsylvania.
Not much is said in his suit about the kids who were abused and had no one to defend them.
Why would Corbett want to file such a suit?
He is up for re-election next year and seems desperate to do anything to draw attention from his record, anything to make it appear he has the people’s interests at heart.
That he took this route means he has a pretty low opinion of the intelligence of voters — and doesn’t have a high regard for defenseless children, either.
Signor Ferrari,
Please tell all your readers that you have just completed a trip to Morocco and have returned refreshed and nourished.
We miss your brilliant editorials regarding the hypocrisy of Tom Corbett's.
Please keep the Cafe open.
What does that mean?
Anonymous, Jan 15 2013, 9:07 PM,
In the movie Casablanca, Signor Ferrari was a Cafe owner in competition with Rick, Humphrey Bogart.
There have been no new stories for two months.
My hope is for followers of CasablancaPA to encourage Signor Ferrari to continue his outstanding work. (Keep the Cafe open for new communications).
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